Researchers from Skoltech, Jilin University and Beijing HPSTAR in China, and their German colleagues have synthesized and studied a new type of hydrogen-rich superconductor. Technically referred to as an A15-type lanthanum superhydride, with the formula La4H23, it shows superconductivity below minus 168 degrees Celsius at a pressure of 1.2 million atmospheres. The research results were published in the National Science Review.

Polyhydrides are a novel class of compounds synthesized at about 1 million times the normal atmospheric pressure on Earth. They can exhibit unique superconducting properties with record-high critical temperatures of up to minus 23℃ in lanthanum decahydride LaH10, critical magnetic fields reaching 300 tesla, and critical current densities. Even compared to other similar hydrides, the newly discovered La4H23 behaves unusually: It has a negative temperature coefficient of electrical resistance in a certain pressure range. That is, unlike ordinary metals, with a decrease in temperature its electrical resistance does not decrease but grows, the way it happens in semiconductors and many unconventional superconductors, such as cuprates.

“Initially, hydrides of the structural type A15 were discovered in the europium-hydrogen system, then they were found in the barium-hydrogen and lutetium-hydrogen systems. In the latter, the superconducting hydride Lu4H23 is formed. We performed first-principles calculations of the thermodynamic stability of these structures and found that the same compound should exist in the lanthanum-hydrogen system. Moreover, it must have an even higher critical temperature of superconductivity!” one of the paper’s lead authors, Skoltech Research Engineer Grigoriy Shutov, also a PhD student of computational and data science and engineering, explained the motivation behind the study.

The synthesized lanthanum hydride La4H23 exhibits other unusual properties. Typically, in magnetic fields, superconducting transitions broaden significantly. The magnetic field creates inhomogeneities in the concentration of Cooper pairs in the volume of the superconductor. As a result, some areas of the sample go to the superconducting state later than others, and the transition seems to “stretch out” on the temperature scale. This is observed for such well-known materials as magnesium diboride, yttrium barium copper oxide, bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide, etc. In polyhydrides, however, hardly any broadening of superconducting transitions is observed, which is very convenient in experimental practice. This occurs because magnetic vortices, also called Abrikosov vortices, are rigidly attached to existing structural inhomogeneities inside a polyhydride and do not introduce additional disturbances. The situation is different with the new lanthanum superhydride: It exhibits an unexpected narrowing of superconducting transitions.

One of the study’s lead authors, Dmitrii Semenok of HPSTAR, who holds a PhD in materials science and engineering from Skoltech, commented: “This unusual behavior made us think about strong pulsed magnetic fields. We took a sample in a diamond anvil cell, prepared by our colleagues from Jilin University, and our curiosity led to another remarkable discovery.”

In strong pulsed magnetic fields up to 68 tesla, the newly synthesized lanthanum superhydride turned out to have a significant negative magnetoresistance, indicating the existence of an anomalous metallic state. Typically, metals have positive magnetoresistance, because electrons in a magnetic field follow longer trajectories. Negative magnetoresistance is very rare but is often seen for cuprates and other unconventional superconductors in their so-called pseudogap, or strange metal, phase. In that phase, significant superconducting fluctuations are observed, which — while insufficient to create bulk superconductivity — do affect the material’s magnetic and transport properties noticeably.

“We are still far from understanding all those processes that determine the electron transport properties of superhydrides. Over the years, we have seen more and more evidence that hydrides are in many ways similar to unconventional superconductors like cuprates or pnictides despite the different mechanisms of electron-electron pairing,” Dmitrii Semenok added.

Hydride superconductors turn out to be a kind of bridge connecting the different classes of superconductors, simultaneously exhibiting the properties of conventional and unconventional ones. Researchers plan to continue studying various superhydrides in strong magnetic fields focusing on their non-Fermi liquid behavior.